Architectural and planning decisions for residential buildings with safety capsules

Abstract

EN: Problem statement. Since the beginning of the full-scale invasion, the Russian Federation has been consistently waging an undeclared terrorist war against the civilian population of Ukraine. The Russian army is constantly shelling Ukrainian populated areas, destroying infrastructure. As a result, there are significant human casualties, destroyed and damaged buildings, and crippled enterprises and networks for electricity and heat supply. Most people perish from rocket fragments injuries rocket fragments or other ammunition types due to shelling, or they become buried alive under the rubble of destroyed buildings. Therefore, today, the state's top priority is not only conducting defensive-offensive operations aimed at liberating Ukrainian territories from aggressors, but also is protection and security of its citizens. The military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine has proved the critical necessity of implementing new principles in the planning and design of residential and public buildings. Today to protect the population, building and structures must design with protective structures which are able to defend from external attack, namely, special autonomous protective structures (shelters) or structures and dual-purpose elements. Civil protection facilities in Ukraine are designed in accordance with the relevant rules and regulations. These regulatory documents are mainly devoted to the design and construction of large-capacity collective civil defence facilities. In July 2022, the Law of Ukraine No. 2486-IX “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Ensuring Civil Protection Requirements in the Planning and Development of Territories” was approved. This law is aimed at rapidly establishing a modern network of civil protection facilities to enhance the level of citizen protection. According to this law all new building and reconstructed building must have reliable shelters. Despite that regulations are existence, there aren`t protective premises in mostly Ukrainian residential building. To happens also that protective premises are existence, but conditions for people to stay during danger aren`t ensured. Therefore, residents such building have to use collective civil defence shelters, which were built in Soviet times. The main problem this defence shelters is location. Usually such collective shelters were built one shelter per some buildings, and often one shelter per district and its located outside the zone of quick access to them. For this reason, most Ukrainians ignore air raid alarms or, in better cases, use the “two walls” rule and try to find safer places in their apartments.